The Human Genome Project :: essays research papers

Marshall, Elizabeth L. The Human Genome Project: Cracking The Code Within Us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, New York: Franklin Watts, 1996. 1-128.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elizabeth L. Marshall was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She grew up in areas of southern California, and in parts of New York City. She lives in Columbus, Ohio, and is currently married and has two daughters. She attended and graduated from the University of Virginia with a B.A. in English. She then graduated from the University of Pittsburgh with a Master of Fine Arts degree in fictional writing. She has worked form several scientific journals and magazines and is a member of the National Association of Science Writers. She has also written several well known books including Conquering Infertility: Medical Challenges and Moral Dilemmas, and High-Tech Harvest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I chose this book because it seemed like an interesting topic, and because I thought it might help me understand more things about DNA. Someone else who read it said that it had a lot to do with the things we covered in class too so I figured it would be as good a choice as any.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book is about the amazing task of mapping and showing all the sequences of the thousands and thousands of genes in the human body. The book is split up into nine chapters each of which covers a different aspect of this incredible project. The book tells all about almost every aspect of the project. It tells all about the project and what the point is, what has been accomplished so far, and when they expect it to be finished. According to the introduction the project is actually expected to be finished sometime this year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first chapter starts off with the basic structure of DNA and describes how the base pairing of each nucleotide creates each amino acid, which when all put together create a strand of DNA. It also gives an idea of who is working on the project. She lists several major cities where the project is being worked on and then goes on to explain how between all these different teams, who are all working on some different aspect of the project, there are also anywhere from 200 to 400 other smaller teams all around the country working on it. The next chapter is about chromosome 18, and how a slight mistake in it can cause things like mental retardation and deafness, and what they are trying to do to help stop or fix chromosome 18 deletion syndrome.

The Hurricane

The Hurricane (Viewing Task) How well does the composer manipulate the audience to believe that Rubin Carter was wrongly accused based on racial discrimination (1000-1500 words) There are many ways the composer of the 1999 movie ‘ The Hurricane’ manipulates the audience to believe that Rubin Carter was wrongly accused based on racial discrimination. The key ways in which the composer does this is through the structure of the movie and the use of techniques such as non-linear structure and foreshadowing.This movie is about an African American man who is faced with many complications over the course of his life including being ‘wrongly accused’ of killing three people which led to life imprisonment. The composer positions the viewer of the movie ‘The Hurricane’ to believe that Rubin Carter played by Denzil Washington was wrongly accused based on Racial discrimination. This is cleverly done with the real Rubin Carter playing a key role in providing all the voice overs and having a strong influence in how the movie is directed and ‘seen’.Characterisation also plays a key role in the way the composer manipulates the audience to believe that Rubin Carter was wrongly accused based on racial discrimination. This is achieved by showing only Rubin’s side of the story and depicting him as being treated completely unfairly and unjustly which is completely biased. The composer is also able to manipulate the audience through his characterisation of the prison staff and police officers in the movie.They are portrayed as being corrupt and this is shown through dialogue such as the scene when one of the victims of a shooting is on his death bed and is asked by the police officers to identify whether or not Rubin was the man who shot him. When the man replies â€Å"no†, the police officer sternly asks â€Å"Sir look closer, are you sure these aren't the men? † as if to intimidate the victim into identifying Rubin as the perpetrator.The police officer is then portrayed to be racist as he goes on to say ‘I’m going to take you black ass down’ which contributes greatly to the perception that the police officer is corrupt and that Rubin Carter was wrongly accused based on racial discrimination. The movie depicts the opposing legal team that are battling for Carter to be kept in jail as very racist. They constantly refer to Carter with a sense of disgust because he is an African American. The use of these techniques only add weight to the views of Rubin Carter which in turn makes the movie completely bias and anipulates the audience to believe that Rubin’s side is truthful and correct and that he was genuinely a victim of racial discrimination. Non-Linear structure also contributes to the way the composer effectively manipulates the audience to believe that Rubin Carter was wrongly accused based on racial discrimination. Non-linear structure is where effects such as flash backs are used which in turn means that not all events that take place in the movie are in chronological order which creates the sense that something is hidden Isabella Moro Monday, 3 December 2012 1:55:18 PM AET r not yet revealed to place the viewer in a position where they are able to ‘fill in the gaps’. The use of non-linear structure is present through the whole movie but the main focus is on one particular scene where Rubin is arrested shortly after gun shots were fired. More and more of these scenes are revealed over the course of the movie persuading the audience that Rubin is innocent because the flash backs (especially those in black and white) are portrayed as being completely factual and non-bias.However, what we have to remember is that the story is still being told from Rubin Carter’s point of view and therefore the accuracy of the flash backs are un-reliable. By using non-linear structure, the composer has been able to subtly and successfu lly persuade the audience that the story is factual and has therefore achieved to manipulate their views. Non-Linear structure is a key way that the composer successfully manipulates the audience to believe that Rubin Carter was wrongly accused based on racial discrimination.Another technique used over the course of ‘The Hurricane’ is foreshadowing, this technique is also a very effective technique used by the composer to manipulate the audience into believing that Rubin Carter was wrongly accused based on racial discrimination. Foreshadowing shows the build up of something significant such as a key event or a change in a character’s attitude or core beliefs. Foreshadowing is shown in particular over the course of the movie when Rubin Carter is in jail.There is a build up over time showing the different emotions Rubin went through, from being depressed and showing a lot of anger towards everyone, to a complete change of character when he met Lezra and his three o ther Canadian friends. Rubin is then put in a position where he has to choose between whether or not to trust these ‘white’ people to help him, or if he is just going to go back to his shorttempered, depressed self. This is a significant part of the movie as all other events shown so far lead up to this decision.After deep thought and a mental battle Ruben decides to choose to fight for his freedom as he knows he has been unlawfully imprisoned due to racism. The use of foreshadowing in this instance tries to portray Rubin Carter as a tortured victim of racial discrimination. The use of foreshadowing in this movie is a key technique the composer uses to successfully manipulate the audience to believe that Rubin ‘Hurricane’ Carter was wrongly accused of murdering three innocent people due to a decision solely based on his race.In conclusion, the movie ‘The Hurricane’ is not a reliable representation of the events that led to the imprisonment of R ubin ‘Hurricane’ Carter and is in fact a bias depiction of the real life events told from the point of view of Rubin Carter himself. The movie expresses his views on how he was unfairly accused of murder because of his race. Through the use of characterisation, non-linear structure and foreshadowing the composer is able to manipulate and effectively convince the audience that Rubin Carter was wrongly jailed based on racial discrimination. The Hurricane (Viewing Task) Isabella Moro Monday, 3 December 2012 1:55:18 PM AET The Hurricane The film The Hurricane directed by Norman Jewison claims to accurately depict the life of injustice suffered by middleweight champion Rubin ‘Hurricane’ Carter. The director uses casting, characterisation, lighting and music in order to convince the audience of Carter’s innocence. Jewison uses evidence, in some cases false, to manipulate the audience into believing that the Hurricane is and always has been an innocent man. This clever manipulation is clearly evident in his casting and characterization choices of Lezra to emotionally vest audiences into his journey alongside Rubin Carter’s.This technique is also used to create and perfect the other cast members to guide viewer’s thoughts and opinions as the director wishes. Furthermore, the lighting and music are blatantly manoeuvred to garner an emotional reaction from audiences, this is apparent in the poignant scenes of Carter as the victim of tragic injustice. Without Jewison’s clear bias fi lmmaking, the audiences would have been left with a different view of Carter. Casting and characterization in the film The Hurricane are utilized to persuade viewers of The Hurricane’s innocence.The casting of the characters Rubin Carter, Lezra Martin, Lisa Peters, Sam Chaiton, Terry Swinton and Lt. Jimmy Williams was necessary to create the image of goodness, as we associate attractive people with being good and kind hearted. Athletically appealing actors have been cast in all these roles in order for us to automatically assume them to be good. However, Det. Sgt. Della Pesca and the Prison Warden (the major villains) are cast as old, overweight, balding men to assure us of their wickedness.By casting Rubin Carter as an attractive man the director persuades us into believing in Carter’s innocence. Furthermore, the character of Lezra Martin is carefully created to work as an audience stand in for the film. This technique is used so Lezra works as our stand in to Carterà ¢â‚¬â„¢s life. Lezra, like the viewer is new to Carter’s life and his story, while he learns about Carter, so do the audience, as he grows to love and trust Carter, so do the audience. Like Lezra the viewers become attached and emotionally vested in The Hurricane, so the questioning of his innocence becomes ludicrous to the viewers.The film technique of manipulating the viewer’s perspective is also found in the use of lighting. The use of lighting in the film The Hurricane positions the viewer into trusting that Hurricane Carter is an innocent man. Jewison’s use of lighting to persuade the viewer is evident in an early scene depicting Carter and Della Pesca facing towards each other, the only light in the frame is on the operating table behind them, so the audience can only see the side on silhouettes of both Rubin Carter and Det. Sgt.Della Pesca but no detail in their faces. In this scene, we see the stark contrast of their profiles, The Hurricane’s soft features and Della Pesca’s pointed and upturned features. This technique which has been used since the times of ancient Greek theatre is used to depict the proganist , usually the hero, with soft flowing features and the antagonist, usually the villain, with sharp, pointed features. By doing this, Norman Jewison has automatically positioned the audience to see Rubin Carter as a good and innocent man.This sort of positioning is also particularly evident in Jewison’s use of music in the film. Norman Jewison emotionally influences the viewer into believing that Carter is innocent through his meticulous use of music in The Hurricane. The audience slowly finds themselves emotionally attached to the story through subtle but effective music. At various points in the film a grave, slow, low, jazz melody plays which always coincides with a scene where the viewers are positioned to believe injustice is shown.When Della Pesca interrogates a young Rubin Carter, when Rubin is brou ght into the hospital of the victim, during The Hurricane’s first trail as well as when Carter is put into solitary confinement by the ruthless prison warden. The audience is persuaded into associating this music with injustice, so with the use of this music at the right point, such as when The Hurricane is imprisoned the viewers automatically believe it is injustice, which causes us to feel emotionally effected by this and believe in his innocence.Norman Jewison positions viewers of the film The Hurricane to see Rubin Carter as an innocent man. This is done through casting the protagonist’s role to an aesthetically pleasing man, the casting of the antagonist’s role to an older, unattractive man, the characterisation of Lezra Martin, the precise lighting of scenes and the meticulous use of emotion triggering music. Without these manipulative film techniques, viewers would have been left with a different image of Rubin Carter and a greater doubt of his innocence.

Separating Violence Reality And Video Games - 1368 Words

Jonathan Weinberger 9/22/2014 Separating Violence in Reality and Video Games Children play. The manner in which children have played has frequently changed throughout the years. There was a time where sticks or index fingers were used to symbolize guns or bows in order for children to play â€Å"cowboys and Indians.† Later, the same mechanisms were used as children would play â€Å"cops and robbers.† Children mimic what they see in reality when it is time to play. However, children are not known to mimic what they play when functioning in real life. For example, children who played â€Å"cowboys and Indians† were not known to actually go out and try to harm others in the belief that they actually were cowboys or Indians. These examples are relevant in today’s society as critics of violent video games often attribute violence in reality to the violence in video games. However, videos games are a form of play and, as the previous examples have shown, what a child plays is not reflected in what that child actually does in their real l ife. The first body of evidence that supports the claim that video games do not cause violence in reality is that â€Å"almost all boys and most girls play video and computer games, including games with violent content† (Olsen, Kutner, and Warner 56). This would suggest that if all children play violent video games and video games did in fact cause children to act violently, then all children would be violent. As absurd as this suggestion is, when the claim cameShow MoreRelatedVideo Games Are More Than Half Of The 50 Top Selling Games1666 Words   |  7 Pages Daniel Molina Kathryn Harrington ENG. 122 December Research paper As many as 97% of US kids age 12-17 play video games, more than half of the 50 top-selling video games contain violence. On April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School in jefferson county colorado, two students and video game fanatics, Eric David Harris, age 18, and Dylan Bennet Klebold, age 17, executed a planned shooting rampage killing 12 other students and a teacher. Researcher and psychiatrist Jerald Block has concludedRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children1519 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games in the 21st century have transformed from friendly competing into guns, explosions, and major violence. Video games are getting away with more violence every year and the games are becoming more extreme. The consistence and severity of violence is at an all-time high leading the most popular games in the gaming community to have a ‘mature’ rating due to the considerable amount of violence involved. For example, one of the highest selling video games of all time grossing one billion itsRead MoreThe Function Of A Video Game751 Words   |  4 PagesThe function of a video game is to entertain billions of players around the world. This does not mean that they are good, some gamers are just so bliss sometimes not to realize how major of an influence an inanimate object has on them. This inquires the justification that games cause peop le to act in a distasteful manner. That means games are harmful to the human body and can cause side effects. They are unable to tell the difference between reality and videogames. This said games are evil becauseRead MoreMortal Kombat820 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 27, 1993, violence in video games is on the rise especially with the release of Mortal Kombat. Over 50 million children all over the United States brought this violence into their homes. The parents and other adults of these children finally decided that the video games in the U.S. had gone too far. Mortal Kombat was the first game that brought blood and gore into the video game world. Mortal Kombat started in the arcades it was such a hit, they made it into a game you could buy for personalRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Children Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesshown that children that play violent video games desensitize players to real-life acts of violence, the Journal of Experimental Social Psyc hology says that it is a reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity to real violence. It is also proven that people who are desensitized to violence are likely to commit a violent crime of some type. 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What productivity is, in this sense, is undefined; leading myself to gleam from personal experience what society purports it to be. Common answers involve actions, such as working and social interaction. Self-centered hobbies, such as video games, are often left out, viewed as promoting little towards productivity and its assumed benefits. This produces tension through what is commonly considered to be positively productive towards flourishing, and a growing medium, with children especiallyRead MorePolice Brutality : Minorities Under Attack944 Words   |  4 Pagesadded to the list: another man, often black and unarmed, has died at the hands of police.† The Huffington Post even has a whole section of its website dedicated to police brutality. It includes a listing of all the recent events of police brutality, violence against young minority men, and community protests. A way to help against this brutality is body cameras, but some would argue that their state would vote against it. According to The Denver Post, Colorado legislators are expected to announce aRead MoreVideo Games and Violence: Both Sides of the Argument3566 Words   |  15 PagesBackground Does playing a video game make you prone to commit real-life violence? This question has been an issue since the very early 90s when violent games like Doom and Wolfenstein were released, but only in the last half a decade or so (mainly since the incident at Columbine, Colorado, 1999 Ââ€" when it was revealed that the teenage shooters were avid video game players) has it really come to the majoritys attention. The key issue that both sides cant agree on is whether people should be allowedRead MoreViolent Video Games And Aggressive Behavior3372 Words   |  14 PagesViolent Video Games And Aggressive Behavior Jamal St.Germain Introduction Since we live in a technology age, technology is being formed into entertainment for people of all ages such as video games and television. Although, these forms of entertainment are a good way to stay informed, they can also be corrupting different ages Behavior differentiation has been an all-time high for children all over the U.S, and many researchers have found the reasoning

The Causes And Effect Of The French And Indian War

7 Years of War â€Å"French and Indian war† What were the causes and effect of the war? Ana Rodriguez 6th period 03/10/15 What were the causes and effect of the French and Indian war? â€Å"The last and most destructive of the four Anglo-French Colonial wars, was the French and Indian war.† Took place on 1754-1763, and together with its European counterpart, the seven years war. Start with England declaring war on France, and ending with the Treaty of Paris. Impacting the war with many challenging experiences. The war war was a enormously disaster on the economic side. That the government finance the seven year’s war with debt. What cause the Seven Years war? The French and Indian war was cause by many resulted tension in North America. French and British imperials and colonist sought to extend each country’s sphere of influence in frontier regions. Their origin in the trade with Native Americans, sparke the French and Indian war. â€Å"French claimed territory surrounding the Great Lake. They were hoping to succeed from the furs trade with the Indians. And the war began with French and their Indians allies Indians allies, â€Å"(the major ity of peoples in the Northeast and upper Midwest†) attacking British frontier settlements. The Seven year’s War did not began good for the British. So the governor from British order General Edward Braddock s to go to the colonies as theShow MoreRelatedThe Origins and Patterns of Development for the New World Essay example1096 Words   |  5 PagesContact between the Old World and the New World forever changed the course of history. This confluence began a number of very impactful trends, many of which had intercontinental effects. As the two worlds collided European countries fought for control of newfound areas in the New World. Additionally, this time period saw the beginning of the exchange of commodities across both sides of the Atlantic. These two things, imperial competition and transatlantic trade, influenced the origins and patternsRead MoreMajor Turning Points in U.S. History (1492-1820)1366 Words   |  6 Pagesimmediate effects, but the long-term conseque nces as well. Throughout the duration of this essay I will briefly analyze what is perceived to be the most imperative turning points in American history politically, socially, culturally, and economically on, not simply an immediate premise, but also on an enduring scale. One of the first major turning point events in early American history was the French and Indian war. The French and Indian war was fought between the French and its American Indian alliesRead MoreThe French and Indian Wars Impact on America Essay examples1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe French and Indian Wars Impact on America At the peak of Britains prominence, it was said that the sun never sets on the British Empire. Many were enthralled under its wing of mighty protection and dare a country stand up to Britain and face the consequences. In 1755 the last of the great conflicts between the Britain and France broke out. Although initially proving its superiority, one of the main facets of the British Empire headed for a major transformation. So that is why I say theRead MoreThe Causes of the American Revolution Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe irregular and disorganized British rule of the American colonies in the previous years led to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Most Americans did not originally want to separate from mother England. They wanted to stay loyal to the crown. England’s unwillingness to compromise, mismanagement of the colonies, heavy taxation of the colonists that violated their rights, the distractions of foreign affairs and politics in England and the strict trading po licies that England tried to enforceRead MoreRights: Procured through Independence Essay721 Words   |  3 Pageseasily. A paragon of this could be seen in the cause of the American Revolution, where the British imposed several acts of maltreatment upon the colonists, who had already won their independence. These acts limited the colonists’ lives, forcing them to abide by Britain’s every order and sacrifice their goods and imports for their mother country’s sake. 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Mariah Gutierrez History 1301 Professor Harris September 29, 2013 The American Revolution was a major war within America that got the United States their independence and showed others that they were not a weak nation. There were many causes that lead up to this war and had a great effect on it. The first war we see is the French and Indian War (1754-1763)Read MoreIroquois : Native Life, Assimilation, And War1554 Words   |  7 PagesIroquois: Native Life, Assimilation, and War The Iroquois nations, one of the oldest and most prestigious tribes in the history of all Native Americans. In this paper I will be showing why the Iroquois ended up siding with the English through the French and Indian, and Revolutionary wars through factors of colonization. I will also be showing some features of their culture, considering the iroquois are not well known in the western United States, and discussing the fall of the once great tribes.Read MoreMajor Events Of The American Revolution1649 Words   |  7 Pagesseries of events that led to the Revolution and created a difference in views among the colonists is the French and Indian War. Also known as the Seven Years War in Europe, this conflict was fought between France and Great Britain from 1756 to 1763. The main purpose of the war was to determine which of these two nations would gain dominance over the North American continent. When the war was over, Great Britain emerged as the supreme and dominant force to be rec koned with in the Western HemisphereRead MoreThe French And Indian War877 Words   |  4 Pageshistory; wars, such as the French and Indian war altered the perception of the American people. These events and people were some of the many that facilitated the colonists’ defiance against the British. Altercations they encountered turned the people of the newly formed Americas against the British aiding in their quest for independence. During the time of 1763-1775, one of the occurrences that happened to affect the colonists’ perception of the British was the French and Indian War. The war itself

Barbara Fredricksons View Of Close Personal Relationships...

In Love 2.0, Barbara Fredrickson stands by the belief that her improved definition love does not have to happen in close relationships, and can happen anywhere, between anyone. This essay will seek to explore the extent to which close personal relationships influence positivity resonance - a better measure of love - by analyzing the documented experiments and research found in the selection. Fredrickson describes love as â€Å"true positivity-charged connection with other living beings† (107). With this definition in mind, it becomes plain at the outset that love need not take place within close relationships. Any â€Å"positivity-charged† (107) interaction and connection with anyone, including strangers, can be love. While â€Å"cultural heritage†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦When presented with the facts of the experiment, the fact that the participants in the study were strangers becomes a point of interest. There needed not be a close connection fostered over the years in order to for two brains to sync up. If neural coupling is â€Å"the means by which we understand each other† (108) - and as such, the means by which positivity resonance comes to be - and can happen between almost any two people depending on the interest, body language, and attentiveness between the two of them as Fredrickson is suggesting, close relationships do not in fluence her definition of positivity resonance to a large extent. Brain synchronicity is a scientific measure of positivity resonance, and as such, love. The nature of good communication goes further than just â€Å"a single act performed by two brains† (112) in the context of love, because the understanding that comes with neural coupling extends further when the same emotion is being experienced by two people (113). Neural coupling of this kind gives way to what Fredrickson calls â€Å"micro-moments of love† (113). These are experienced more frequently when positive emotions are shared and two brains act as one (113). These moments require merely a connection rather thanShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Love Through The Biological Microscope By Barbara Fredrickson1591 Words   |  7 Pageswhatever a loved one asks. Barbara Fredrickson says love is neither of these. In her book, Fredrickson attempts to redefine love through the biological microscope. The author compiles a variety of studies and research data to prove her claim that love is the product of neural coupling, oxytocin in the brain, and the work of the vagus nerve. Fredrickson presents a well-rounded claim, but there are some deficiencies that hinder the strength of her argument. Fredrickson’s use of vague language throughoutRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesrecent phase of the human experience is usually covered only at the end of a multiterm sequence of world history units has meant that it often ends up becoming a rushed add-on of rather random, abbreviated capsule summaries and general overviews. In view of the fact that no phase of history can begin to match the twentieth century in terms of the extent to which it has shaped the contemporary world, this marginalization is particularly pernicious and has been at times literally lethal. The unmatched

Foreign Currency Management Pdf Free Essays

Foreign Currency Management Exchange Rate This is the rate at which the currency of one country would change hands with currency of another country. E. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Currency Management Pdf or any similar topic only for you Order Now $1 = SLR 130 Types of Exchange Rate 1. Floating Rate This rate depends on a levels of the international trade of a country and it does not interfere with the government of that country. 2. Fixed Rate This is the rate that the government of the country would set its own currency rate and it is not depending on the market rate. 3. Dirty Float This is the rate that mixed between floating rate and fixed rate system. This is where the government would allow exchange rate to float between a particular two limits. If it goes outside either of the limit, then the government would take further action. Forex Dealings 1. Bid Price The price at which the currency is bought by the dealer. 2. Offer Price The price at which the currency is sold by the dealer. When regarding the forex dealings, Offer Price Bid Price Example 01: David is a UK businessman. He needs $ 400,000 to buy US equipment. Identify the amount of ? equired to buy the Dollars? ($/? 1. 75 – 1. 77) Answer: The amount of ? required = $ 400,000 $/? 1. 75 = ? 228571. 43 Example 02: James is a US businessman. He has just received a payment of ? 150,000 from his main customer in UK. Identify the amount of $ received by James when ? 150,000 are given? (? /$ 0. 61 – 0. 63) Answer: The amount of $ received = ? 150,000 ? /$ 0. 63 = $ 238095. 24 Spot Rate and Forward Rate Spot Rate This is the rate which is applicable for the immediate delivery of currency as at now. Forward Rate This is a rate that set for the future transaction for a fixed amount of currency. The transaction would take place on the future date at this agreed rate by disregarding the market rate. Discounts Premiums Discounts If the forward rate which is quoted cheaper, then it is set to be quoted at a discount. E. g. $/? current spot is 1. 8500-1. 8800 and the one month forward rate at 0. 0008-0. 0012 at a discount. When quoted at a discount, Answer: 1. 8500-1. 8800 their should be more Dollars + 0. 0008-0. 0012 being received at a given Pound. = 1. 508-1. 8812 So the discount factor have to be added to the spot rate. Premiums If the forward rate which is quoted more expensively, then it is set to be quoted at a premium. E. g. $/? current spot is 1. 9000-1. 9300 and the one month forward rate at 0. 0010-0. 0007 at a premium. When quoted at a premium, Answer: their should be less Dollars being 1. 9000-1. 9300 received at a given Pound because – 0. 0010-0. 0007 of the expe nsiveness of Dollars. So = 1. 8990-1. 9293 the premium factor have to be deducted from the spot rate. Foreign Exchange Rate Risks . Transaction Risk This is the risk that adverse exchange rate movement occurring in the cause of normal international trading transaction. This arises when the prices of imports or exports are fixed in foreign currency terms and there is a movement in the exchange rate between the date when the price is agreed and when the cash is paid or received. 2. Translation Risk This is the risk that the organization will made exchange losses when the accounting results of its foreign branches or subsidiaries translated into the local currency. . Economic Risk This is the risk that suppose to a effect of exchange rate movements on the international competitiveness of the company. 4. Direct Indirect Currency Quotes Direct Quote: This means the exchange rate is mentioned in terms of the amount of domestic currency which needs to be given in returns for one unit of f oreign currency. E. g. SLR 130 for $1 Indirect Quote: This means the amount of foreign currency units that needs to be given to obtain one unit of domestic currency. E. g. $ 1/130 for SLR 1 Example 01 ABC Ltd is a US company, buying goods from Sri Lanka which cost SLR 200,000. These goods are resold in the US for $2000 at the time of the import purchased. The current spot rate is $1 = SLR 126-130. Calculate the expected profit of the resale in terms of US Dollars using both direct indirect quote methods. Answer: 1. ) Under Direct Quote Method $/SLR = 1/126 – 1/130 = 0. 00794 – 0. 00769 Sales = $2000 (-)Purchase Cost=SLR200,000*$/SLR0. 00794 =($1588) Expected Profit = $412 2. ) Under Indirect Quote Method Sales (-)Purchase Cost=SLR200,000/SLR126/$ Expected Profit = $2000 =($1587) = $413 Managing the Exchange Rate Risk 1. Invoicing in domestic currency Since the exporter does not have to do any currency transaction in this method, the risk of currency conversion is transferred to the importer or vice versa. 2. Money Market Hedging Because of the close relationship between forward exchange rate and the interest rate in two currencies, it is possible to calculate a forward rate by using the spot exchange rate and money market lending or borrowing which is called as a money market hedge. Feature article about  Production Management 3.Entering into Forward Exchange Rate Contracts A person can enter into an agreement with a bank to purchase the foreign currency on the fixed date at a fixed rate. 4. Matching receipts payments Under this method a company can set off its payments against its receipts in that particular currency. 5. Options These are similar to forward trade agreements, but the consumer can choose between the bank’s rate and the market rate. Example 01 A Sri Lankan company has to settle $800,000 after three months time. The current spot rate is $1 = SLR 126-130. The foreign currency depositing interest rate is 12%per annum and the borrowing rate in Sri Lanka is 8% per annum. The agreed exchange rate with the bank is $1 = SLR128. The company has identified to overcome the exchange rate under Money Market Hedging Forward Exchange Rate Contract methods. Identify the cheapest method to overcome the exchange rate risk. Answer: 1. ) Using Money Market Hedging Method FV = PV* (1+r)n PV = $800,000* (1+ 0. 03)-1 PV = $776,699 r = 0. 12*3/12 r = 0. 03 n=1 Purchase Cost(SLR) = $776,699*SLR130/$1 = SLR 100,970,870 Interest Cost(SLR) = SLR 100,970,870*0. 8*3/12 = SLR 2,019,417 Total Cost(SLR) = SLR(100,970,870+2,019,417) = SLR 102,990,287 2. ) Using Forward Exchange Rate Contract Method Total Cost (SLR) = $ 800,000*SLR128/$1 = $102,400,000 The best method is forward Exchange Rate Contract Method, because it gives the lowest total cost when compare to Money Market Hedging Method. Reasons for Short Term Changes of Exchange Rate 1. Investment Flows If a co untry does more investment to outside countries, then there would be a higher demand for foreign currency. Therefore the domestic will depreciated or vice versa. 2. Trade Flows In a given time if a country has more imports and less exports, the domestic currency will depreciated, because of the higher demand for the foreign currency or vice versa. 3. Economic Prospectus If a country has good economic policies and is showing shines of economic growth, it could receive more investment and therefore the domestic currency would appreciated. Reasons for Long Term Changes of Exchange Rate 1. Purchasing Power Parity Theory This theory describes how the differences in inflation rate among two countries would lead to changes in the exchange rates. Future Rate(A/B)=Spot Rate(A/B) * (1+ Inflation Rate of A) (1 +Inflation Rate of B) 2. Interest Rate Parity Theory This theory links the future currency rates with differences in interest rate among two countries. Future Rate(A/B)=Spot Rate(A/B) * (1+ Interest Rate of A) (1 +Interest Rate of B) 3. Monetarist Theory This theory identifies the relationship between exchange rate and the government money supply to an economy of one country. E. g. When the government released more money to their economy, individual would have more money. So they would purchased more, the demand will increased through that result in higher prices high inflation. This would lead to a high level of depreciation to the currency. 4. Keynesian Approach This theory says that an exchange rate may not change in a balance and sometimes currency may continuously appreciate or depreciate without reverse. E. g. There is a high taste demand for imported product in one country while their exports are losing its export position in other countries. Therefore, without any appreciation of currency will continuously depreciate over a long time period in that country. How to cite Foreign Currency Management Pdf, Essay examples

Imagery In The Red Badge Of Courage Essay Example For Students

Imagery In The Red Badge Of Courage Essay ImageryThe cold passed reluctantly from the earth, and the retiring fogs revealed an army stretched out onthe hills, resting. As the landscape changed from brown to green, the army awakened, and began totremble with eagerness at the noise of rumors. It cast its eyes upon the roads, which were growingfrom long troughs of liquid mud to proper thoroughfares. A river, amber-tinted in the shadow of itsbanks, purled at the armys feet; and at night, when the stream had become of a sorrowful blackness,one could see across it the red, eyelike gleam of hostile camp-fires set in the low brows of distanthills. Once a certain tall soldier developed virtues and went resolutely to wash a shirt. He came flyingback from a brook waving his garment bannerlike. He was swelled with a tale he had heard from areliable friend, who had heard it from a truthful cavalryman, who had heard it from his trustworthybrother, one of the orderlies at division headquarters. He adopted the important air of a herald in r edand gold. Were goin t move tmorrahsure, he said pompously to a group in the company street. Weregoin way up the river, cut across, an come around in behint em. To his attentive audience he drew a loud and elaborate plan of a very brilliant campaign. When hehad finished, the blue-clothed men scattered into small arguing groups between the rows of squatbrown huts. A negro teamster who had been dancing upon a cracker box with the hilariousencouragement of twoscore soldiers was deserted. He sat mournfully down. Smoke drifted lazilyfrom a multitude of quaint chimneys. Its a lie! thats all it isa thunderin lie! said another private loudly. His smooth face was flushed,and his hands were thrust sulkily into his trousers pockets. He took the matter as an affront to him. I dont believe the derned old armys ever going to move. Were set. Ive got ready to move eighttimes in the last two weeks, and we aint moved yet. The tall soldier felT called upon to defend the truth of a rumor he himself had introduced. He and theloud one came near to fighting over it. A corporal began to swear before the assemblage. He had just put a costly board floor in his house,he said. During the early spri* Transfer interrupted!sively to the comfort of his environment because he had felt that the army might start on the march atany moment. Of late, however, he had been impressed that they were in a sort of eternal camp. Many of the men engaged in a spirited debate. One outlined in a peculiarly lucid manner all the plansof the commanding general. He was opposed by men who advocated that there were other plans ofcampaign. They clamored at each other, numbers making futile bids for the popular attention. Meanwhile, the soldier who had fetched the rumor bustled about with much importance. He wascontinually assailed by questions. Whats up, Jim? Tharmys goin t move. Ah, what yeh talkin about? How yeh know it is? Well, yeh kin blieve me er not, jest as yeh like. I dont care a hang. There was much food for thought in the manner in which he replied. He came near to convincingthem by disdaining to produce proofs. They grew much excited over it. There was a youthful private who listened with eager ears to the words of the tall soldier and to thevaried comments of his comrades. After receiving a fill of discussions concerning marches andattacks, he went to his hut and crawled through an intricate hole that served it as a door. He wishedto be alone with some new thoughts that had lately come to him. He lay down on a wide bunk that stretched across the end of the room. In the other end, crackerboxes were made to serve as furniture. They were grouped about the fireplace. A picture from anillustr ated weekly was upon the log walls, and three rifles were paralleled on pegs. Equipments hungon handy projections, and some tin dishes lay upon a small pile of firewood. A folded tent wasserving as a roof. The sunlight, without, beating upon it, made it glow a light yellow shade. A smallwindow shot an oblique square of whiter light upon the cluttered floor. The smoke from the fire attimes neglected the clay chimney and wreathed into the room, and this flimsy chimney of clay andsticks made endless threats to set ablaze the whole establishment. The youth was in a little trance of astonishment. So they were at last going to fight. On the morrow,perhaps, there would be a battle, and he would be in it. For a time he was obliged to labor to makehimself believe. He could not accept with assurance an omen that he was about to mingle in one ofthose great affairs of the earth. He had, of course, dreamed of battles all his lifeof vague and bloody conflicts that had thrilled himwith their sweep and fire. In visions he had seen himself in many struggles. He had imagined peoplessecure in the shadow of his eagle-eyed prowess. But awake he had regarded battles as crimsonblotches on the pages of the past. He had put them as things of the bygone with his thought-imagesof heavy crowns and high castles. There was a portion of the worlds history which he had regardedas the time of wars, but it, he thought, had been long gone over the horizon and had disappearedforever. From his home his youthful eyes had looked upon the war in his own country with distrust. It must besome sort of a play affair. He had long despaired of witnessing a Greeklike struggle. Such would beno more, he had said. Men were better, or more timid. Secular and religious education had effacedthe throat-grappling instinct, or else firm finance held in check the passions. He had burned several times to enlist. Tales of great movements shook the land. They might not bedistinctly Homeric, but there seemed to be much glory in them. He had read of marches, sieges,conflicts, and he had longed to see it all. His busy mind had drawn for him large pictures extravagantin color, lurid with breathless deeds. But his mother had discouraged him. She had affected to look with some contempt upon the qualityof his war ardor and patriotism. She could calmly seat herself and with no apparent difficulty give himmany hundreds of reasons why he was of vastly more importance on the farm than on the field ofbattle. She had had certain ways of expression that told him that her statements on the subject camefrom a deep conviction. Moreover, on her side, was his belief that her ethical motive in the argumentwas impregnable. At last, however, he had made firm rebellion against this yellow light thrown upon the color of hisambitions. The newspapers, the gossip of the village, his own picturings, had aroused him to anuncheckable degree. They were in truth fighting finely down there. Almost every day the newspaperprinted accounts of a decisive victory. One night, as he lay in bed, the winds had carried to him the clangoring of the church bell as someenthusiast jerked the rope frantically to tell the twisted news of a great battle. This voice of thepeople rejoicing in the night had made him shiver in a prolonged ecstasy of excitement. Later, he hadgone down to his mothers room and had spoken thus: Ma, Im going to enlist. Henry, dont you be a fool, his mother had replied. She had then covered her face with the quilt. There was an end to the matter for that night. Nevertheless, the next morning he had gone to a town that was near his mothers farm and hadenlisted in a company that was forming there. When he had returned home his mother was milkingthe brindle cow. Four others stood waiting. Ma, Ive enlisted, he had said to her diffidently. Therewas a short silence. The Lords will be done, Henry, she had finally replied, and had then continuedto milk the brindle cow. When he had stood in the doorway with his soldiers clothes on his back, and with the light ofexcitement and expectancy in his eyes almost defeating the glow of regret for the home bonds, hehad seen two tears leaving their trails on his mothers scarred cheeks. Still, she had disappointed him by saying nothing whatever about returning with his shield or on it. Hehad privately primed himself for a beautiful scene. He had prepared certain sentences which hethought could be used with touching effect. But her words destroyed his plans. She had doggedlypeeled potatoes and addressed him as follows: You watch out, Henry, an take good care of yerselfin this here fighting businessyou watch, an take good care of yerself. Dont go a-thinkin you canlick the hull rebel army at the start, because yeh cant. Yer jest one little feller amongst a hull lot ofothers, and yehve got to keep quiet an do what they tell yeh. I know how you are, Henry. Ive knet yeh eight pair of socks, Henry, and Ive put in all yer best shirts, because I want my boy tobe jest as warm and comfable as anybody in the army. Whenever they get holes in em, I want yehto send em right-away back to me, sos I kin dern em. An allus be careful an choose yer compny. Theres lots of bad men in the army, Henry. The armymakes em wild, and they like nothing better than the job of leading off a young feller like you, as aintnever been away from home much and has allus had a mother, an a-learning em to drink and swear. Keep clear of them folks, Henry. I dont want yeh to ever do anything, Henry, that yeh would beshamed to let me know about. Jest think as if I was a-watchin yeh. If yeh keep that in yer mindallus, I guess yehll come out about right. Yeh must allus remember yer father, too, child, an remember he never drunk a drop of licker in hislife, and seldom swore a cross oath. I dont know what else to tell yeh, Henry, excepting that yeh must never do no shirking, child, on myaccount. If so be a time comes when yeh have to be kilt of do a mean thing, why, Henry, dont thinkof anything cept whats right, because theres many a woman has to bear up ginst sech things thesetimes, and the Lord ll take keer of us all. Dont forgit about the socks and the shirts, child; and Ive put a cup of blackberry jam with yerbundle, because I know yeh like it above all things. Good-by, Henry. Watch out, and be a goodboy. He had, of course, been impatient under the ordeal of this speech. It had not been quite what heexpe cted, and he had borne it with an air of irritation. He departed feeling vague relief. Still, when he had looked back from the gate, he had seen his mother kneeling among the potatoparings. Her brown face, upraised, was stained with tears, and her spare form was quivering. Hebowed his head and went on, feeling suddenly ashamed of his purposes. From his home he had gone to the seminary to bid adieu to many schoolmates. They had throngedabout him with wonder and admiration. He had felt the gulf now between them and had swelled withcalm pride. He and some of his fellows who had donned blue were quite overwhelmed withprivileges for all of one afternoon, and it had been a very delicious thing. They had strutted. A certain light-haired girl had made vivacious fun at his martial spirit, but there was another anddarker girl whom he had gazed at steadfastly, and he thought she grew demure and sad at sight of hisblue and brass. As he had walked down the path between the rows of oaks, he had t urned his headand detected her at a window watching his departure. As he perceived her, she had immediatelybegun to stare up through the high tree branches at the sky. He had seen a good deal of flurry andhaste in her movement as she changed her attitude. He often thought of it. On the way to Washington his spirit had soared. The regiment was fed and caressed at station afterstation until the youth had believed that he must be a hero. There was a lavish expenditure of breadand cold meats, coffee, and pickles and cheese. As he basked in the smiles of the girls and waspatted and complimented by the old men, he had felt growing within him the strength to do mightydeeds of arms. After complicated journeyings with many pauses, there had come months of monotonous life in acamp. He had had the belief that real war was a series of death struggles with small time in betweenfor sleep and meals; but since his regiment had come to the field the army had done little but sit stilland try to keep warm. He was brought then gradually back to his old ideas. Greeklike struggles would be no more. Menwere better, or more timid. Secular and religious education had effaced the throat-grappling instinct,or else firm finance held in check the passions. He had grown to regard himself merely as a part of a vast blue demonstration. His province was tolook out, as far as he could, for his personal comfort. For recreation he could twiddle his thumbs andspeculate on the thoughts which must agitate the minds of the generals. Also, he was drilled anddrilled and reviewed, and drilled and drilled and reviewed. The only foes he had seen were some pickets along the river bank. They were a sun-tanned,philosophical lot, who sometimes shot reflectively at the blue pickets. When reproached for thisafterward, they usually expressed sorrow, and swore by their gods that the guns had explodedwithout their permission. The youth, on guard duty one night, conversed across the stream with oneof them. He was a slightly ragged man, who spat skillfully between his shoes and possessed a greatfund of bland and infantile assurance. The youth liked him personally. Yank, the other had informed him, yer a right dum good feller. This sentiment, floating to himupon the still air, had made him temporarily regret war. Various veterans had told him tales. Some talked of gray, bewhiskered hordes who were advancingwith relentless curses and chewing tobacco with unspeakable valor; tremendous bodies of fiercesoldiery who were sweeping along like the Huns. Others spoke of tattered and eternally hungry menwho fired despondent powders. Theyll charge through hells fire an brimstone t git a holt on ahaversack, an sech stomachs aint alastin long, he was told. From the stories, the youth imaginedthe red, live bones sticking out through slits in the faded uniforms. Still, he could not put a whole faith in veterans tales, for recruits were their prey. They talked muchof smoke, fire, and blood, but he could not t ell how much might be lies. They persistently yelledFresh fish! at him, and were in no wise to be trusted. However, he perceived now that it did not greatly matter what kind of soldiers he was going to fight,so long as they fought, which fact no one disputed. There was a more serious problem. He lay in hisbunk pondering upon it. He tried to mathematically prove to himself that he would not run from abattle. Previously he had never felt obliged to wrestle too seriously with this question. In his life he hadtaken certain things for granted, never challenging his belief in ultimate success, and bothering littleabout means and roads. But here he was confronted with a thing of moment. It had suddenlyappeared to him that perhaps in a battle he might run. He was forced to admit that as far as war wasconcerned he knew nothing of himself. A sufficient time before he would have allowed the problem to kick its heels at the outer portals ofhis mind, but now he felt compelled to give serious att ention to it. A little panic-fear grew in his mind. As his imagination went forward to a fight, he saw hideouspossibilities. He contemplated the lurking menaces of the future, and failed in an effort to see himselfstanding stoutly in the midst of them. He recalled his visions of broken-bladed glory, but in theshadow of the impending tumult he suspected them to be impossible pictures. He sprang from the bunk and began to pace nervously to and fro. Good Lord, whats th matterwith me? he said aloud. He felt that in this crisis his laws of life were useless. Whatever he had learned of himself was here ofno avail. He was an unknown quantity. He saw that he would again be obliged to experiment as hehad in early youth. He must accumulate information of himself, and meanwhile he resolved to remainclose upon his guard lest those qualities of which he knew nothing should everlastingly disgrace him. Overpopulation in China EssaySometimes he inclined to believing them all heroes. In fact, he usually admired in secret the superiordevelopment of the higher qualities in others. He could conceive of men going very insignificantlyabout the world bearing a load of courage unseen, and although he had known many of hiscomrades through boyhood, he began to fear that his judgment of them had been blind. Then, inother moments, he flouted these theories, and assured him that his fellows were all privatelywondering and quaking. His emotions made him feel strange in the presence of men who talked excitedly of a prospectivebattle as of a drama they were about to witness, with nothing but eagerness and curiosity apparent intheir faces. It was often that he suspected them to be liars. He did not pass such thoughts without severe condemnation of himself. He dinned reproaches attimes. He was convicted by himself of many shameful crimes against the gods of traditions. In his great anxiety his hear t was continually clamoring at what he considered the intolerableslowness of the generals. They seemed content to perch tranquilly on the river bank, and leave himbowed down by the weight of a great problem. He wanted it settled forthwith. He could not longbear such a load, he said. Sometimes his anger at the commanders reached an acute stage, and hegrumbled about the camp like a veteran. One morning, however, he found himself in the ranks of his prepared regiment. The men werewhispering speculations and recounting the old rumors. In the gloom before the break of the daytheir uniforms glowed a deep purple hue. From across the river the red eyes were still peering. In theeastern sky there was a yellow patch like a rug laid for the feet of the coming sun; and against it,black and patternlike, loomed the gigantic figure of the colonel on a gigantic horse. From off in the darkness came the trampling of feet. The youth could occasionally see dark shadowsthat moved like monsters. The regi ment stood at rest for what seemed a long time. The youth grewimpatient. It was unendurable the way these affairs were managed. He wondered how long theywere to be kept waiting. As he looked all about him and pondered upon the mystic gloom, he began to believe that at anymoment the ominous distance might be aflare, and the rolling crashes of an engagement come to hisears. Staring once at the red eyes across the river, he conceived them to be growing larger, as theorbs of a row of dragons advancing. He turned toward the colonel and saw him lift his gigantic armand calmly stroke his mustache. At last he heard from along the road at the foot of the hill the clatter of a horses galloping hoofs. Itmust be the coming of orders. He bent forward, scarce breathing. The exciting clickety-click, as itgrew louder and louder, seemed to be beating upon his soul. Presently a horseman with janglingequipment drew rein before the colonel of the regiment. The two held a short, sharp-wordedconversation . The men in the foremost ranks craned their necks. As the horseman wheeled his animal and galloped away he turned to shout over his shoulder, Dontforget that box of cigars! The colonel mumbled in reply. The youth wondered what a box of cigarshad to do with war. A moment later the regiment went swinging off into the darkness. It was now like one of thosemoving monsters wending with many feet. The air was heavy, and cold with dew. A mass of wetgrass, marched upon, rustled like silk. There was an occasional flash and glimmer of steel from the backs of all these huge crawling reptiles. From the road came creakings and grumblings as some surly guns were dragged away. The men stumbled along still muttering speculations. There was a subdued debate. Once a man felldown, and as he reached for his rifle a comrade, unseeing, trod upon his hand. He of the injuredfingers swore bitterly, and aloud. A low, tittering laugh went among his fellows. Presently they passed into a roadway and marched forward with easy strides. A dark regimentmoved before them, and from behind also came the tinkle of equipments on the bodies of marchingmen. The rushing yellow of the developing day went on behind their backs. When the sunrays at laststruck full and mellowingly upon the earth, the youth saw that the landscape was streaked with twolong, thin, black columns which disappeared on the brow of a hill in front and rearward vanished in awood. They were like two serpents crawling from the cavern of the night. The river was not in view. The tall soldier burst into praises of what he thought to b e his powers ofperception. Some of the tall ones companions cried with emphasis that they, too, had evolved the same thing,and they congratulated themselves upon it. But there were others who said that the tall ones planwas not the true one at all. They persisted with other theories. There was a vigorous discussion. The youth took no part in them. As he walked along in careless line he was engaged with his owneternal debate. He could not hinder himself from dwelling upon it. He was despondent and sullen,and threw shifting glances about him. He looked ahead, often expecting to hear from the advance therattle of firing. But the long serpents crawled slowly from hill to hill without bluster of smoke. A dun-colored cloudof dust floated away to the right. The sky overhead was of a fairy blue. The youth studied the faces of his companions, ever on the watch to detect kindred emotions. Hesuffered disappointment. Some ardor of the air which was causing the veteran commands to movewith gleea lmost with songhad infected the new regiment. The men began to speak of victory asof a thing they knew. Also, the tall soldier received his vindication. They were certainly going tocome around in behind the enemy. They expressed commiseration for that part of the army whichhad been left upon the river bank, felicitating themselves upon being a part of a blasting host. The youth, considering himself as separated from the others, was saddened by the blithe and merryspeeches that went from rank to rank. The company wags all made their best endeavors. Theregiment tramped to the tune of laughter. The blatant soldier often convulsed whole files by his biting sarcasms aimed at the tall one. And it was not long before all the men seemed to forget their mission. Whole brigades grinned inunison, and regiments laughed. BibliographyI am 13 and I just wrote the best paper in the world!English Essays